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Refurbishing Slovakia's Bohunice VVER 440/V230
By Jozef Kerak, Ignac Poaeek, Jan Naoo, and Dobroslav Dobak, all from Bohunice nuclear power plant.

Improvements to the two-unit Bohunice nuclear power plant have been ongoing since the units were commissioned in 1978 and 1980.

During this period, there have been more than 1300 design modifications, although since 1990, following the input of various national and international missions, there have been many more significant improvements in the plant's safety systems.

This article examines the ways in which the improvements in safety features have been an ongoing process.

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Modernization and safety improvements at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant -3 and -4
By Laszlo Bugos chief engineer of Belgatom (Belgium) and Alexander Revin, deputy director of foreign economic relations at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant, Russia.

In 1993, it was recognized that several significant short-term safety improvements were necessary at Russia's Novovoronezh nuclear power plant.

The Russian engineering consortium Moht-Otzigh sub-contracted 50% of the work out to Belgium's Belgatom and Atomenergoexport.

This article explains how international cooperation helped to modernize units -3 and -4 of this plant.

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Renewing Dukovany nuclear power plant
By Sabata Tomaj of Dukovany nuclear power plant.

The Czech Republic's only currently operating nuclear power plant has now been operating successfully for 15 years and provides about 20% of the country's power.

Dukovany maintains this high level of service by being cost-effective and this has been down to making sure that the plant is constantly undergoing renewal.

This article gives an overview of this process.

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Modernizing and upgrading Loviisa nuclear power plant
By Aarno Keskinen of Fortum Engineering, Olli Nevander of Fortum Engineering, Peter Gango of Loviisa nuclear power plant, Fortum Power and Heat Oy, Finland.

The modernization of Loviisa was begun in 1995 with a total budget of about USD 33 million.

In spite of the common basic design, Loviisa is quite different from older types of VVER-440s. Perhaps most importantly, the safety systems have been modified from the basic design.

These major modifications had to be made to the original Soviet design in order to meet the Finnish safety requirements and this article explains each facet of the modification process.